{IDF_TARGET_NAME} contains {IDF_TARGET_I2S_NUM} I2S peripheral(s). These peripherals can be configured to input and output sample data via the I2S driver.
-**MCLK:** Master clock line. It is an optional signal depending on the slave side, mainly used for offering a reference clock to the I2S slave device.
Each controller supports single RX or TX simplex communication. As RX and TX channels share a clock, they can only be combined with the same configuration to establish a full-duplex communication.
Each controller has separate RX and TX channels. That means they are able to work under different clocks and slot configurations with separate GPIO pins. Note that although the internal MCLKs of TX channel and RX channel are separate on a controller, the output MCLK signal can only be attached to one channel. If independent MCLK output is required for each channel, they must be allocated on different I2S controllers.
The legacy driver cannot coexist with the new driver. Include ``i2s.h`` to use the legacy driver, or include the other three headers to use the new driver. The legacy driver might be removed in future.
-:cpp:enumerator:`i2s_clock_src_t::I2S_CLK_SRC_APLL`: Audio PLL clock, which is more precise than ``I2S_CLK_SRC_PLL_160M`` in high sample rate applications. Its frequency is configurable according to the sample rate. However, if APLL has been occupied by EMAC or other channels, the APLL frequency cannot be changed, and the driver will try to work under this APLL frequency. If this frequency cannot meet the requirements of I2S, the clock configuration will fail.
-**Sample rate**: The number of sampled data in one second per slot.
-**SCLK**: Source clock frequency. It is the frequency of the clock source.
-**MCLK**: Master clock frequency. BCLK is generated from this clock. The MCLK signal usually serves as a reference clock and is mostly needed to synchronize BCLK and WS between I2S master and slave roles.
-**BCLK**: Bit clock frequency. Every tick of this clock stands for one data bit on data pin. The slot bit width configured in :cpp:member:`i2s_std_slot_config_t::slot_bit_width` is equal to the number of BCLK ticks, which means there will be 8/16/24/32 BCLK ticks in one slot.
-**LRCK** / **WS**: Left/right clock or word select clock. For non-PDM mode, its frequency is equal to the sample rate.
Normally, MCLK should be the multiple of ``sample rate`` and BCLK at the same time. The field :cpp:member:`i2s_std_clk_config_t::mclk_multiple` indicates the multiple of MCLK to the ``sample rate``. In most cases, ``I2S_MCLK_MULTIPLE_256`` should be enough. However, if ``slot_bit_width`` is set to ``I2S_SLOT_BIT_WIDTH_24BIT``, to keep MCLK a multiple to the BCLK, :cpp:member:`i2s_std_clk_config_t::mclk_multiple` should be set to multiples that are divisible by 3 such as ``I2S_MCLK_MULTIPLE_384``. Otherwise, WS will be inaccurate.
In standard mode, there are always two sound channels, i.e., the left and right channels, which are called "slots". These slots support 8/16/24/32-bit width sample data. The communication format for the slots mainly includes the followings:
PDM (Pulse-density Modulation) mode for the TX channel can convert PCM data into PDM format which always has left and right slots. PDM TX is only supported on I2S0 and it only supports 16-bit width sample data. It needs at least a CLK pin for clock signal and a DOUT pin for data signal (i.e., the WS and SD signal in the following figure; the BCK signal is an internal bit sampling clock, which is not needed between PDM devices). This mode allows users to configure the up-sampling parameters :cpp:member:`i2s_pdm_tx_clk_config_t::up_sample_fp` and :cpp:member:`i2s_pdm_tx_clk_config_t::up_sample_fs`. The up-sampling rate can be calculated by ``up_sample_rate = i2s_pdm_tx_clk_config_t::up_sample_fp / i2s_pdm_tx_clk_config_t::up_sample_fs``. There are two up-sampling modes in PDM TX:
-**Fixed Clock Frequency**: In this mode, the up-sampling rate changes according to the sample rate. Setting ``fp = 960`` and ``fs = sample_rate / 100``, then the clock frequency (Fpdm) on CLK pin will be fixed to ``128 * 48 KHz = 6.144 MHz``. Note that this frequency is not equal to the sample rate (Fpcm).
-**Fixed Up-sampling Rate**: In this mode, the up-sampling rate is fixed to 2. Setting ``fp = 960`` and ``fs = 480``, then the clock frequency (Fpdm) on CLK pin will be ``128 * sample_rate``.
PDM (Pulse-density Modulation) mode for RX channel can receive PDM-format data and convert the data into PCM format. PDM RX is only supported on I2S0, and it only supports 16-bit width sample data. PDM RX needs at least a CLK pin for clock signal and a DIN pin for data signal. This mode allows users to configure the down-sampling parameter :cpp:member:`i2s_pdm_rx_clk_config_t::dn_sample_mode`. There are two down-sampling modes in PDM RX:
Any data bit-width is supported no matter how many slots are enabled, which means there can be up to ``32 bit-width * 16 slots = 512 bit`` data in one frame.
But due to the hardware limitation, only up to 4 slots are supported while the slot is set to 32 bit-width, and 8 slots for 16 bit-width, 16 slots for 8 bit-width. The slot communication format of TDM is almost the same as the standard mode, yet with some small differences.
-**Philips Format**: Data signal has one-bit shift comparing to the WS signal. And no matter how many slots are contained in one frame, the duty of WS signal always keeps 50%.
-**PCM Long Format**: Data has one-bit shift and the WS signal lasts one-slot bit width for every frame. For example, the duty of WS will be 25% if there are four slots enabled, and 20% if there are five slots.
LCD/Camera mode is only supported on I2S0 over a parallel bus. For LCD mode, I2S0 should work at master TX mode. For camera mode, I2S0 should work at slave RX mode. These two modes are not implemented by the I2S driver. Please refer to :doc:`/api-reference/peripherals/lcd` for details about the LCD implementation. For more information, see *{IDF_TARGET_NAME} Technical Reference Manual* > *I2S Controller (I2S)* > LCD Mode [`PDF <{IDF_TARGET_TRM_EN_URL}#camlcdctrl>`__].
ADC and DAC modes only exist on ESP32 and are only supported on I2S0. Actually, they are two sub-modes of LCD/Camera mode. I2S0 can be routed directly to the internal analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC). In other words, ADC and DAC peripherals can read or write continuously via I2S0 DMA. As they are not actual communication modes, the I2S driver does not implement them.
The public APIs are all channel-level APIs. The channel handle :cpp:type:`i2s_chan_handle_t` can help users to manage the resources under a specific channel without considering the other two levels. The other two upper levels' resources are private and are managed by the driver automatically. Users can call :cpp:func:`i2s_new_channel` to allocate a channel handle and call :cpp:func:`i2s_del_channel` to delete it.
When the power management is enabled (i.e., :ref:`CONFIG_PM_ENABLE` is on), the system will adjust or stop the source clock of I2S before entering Light-sleep, thus potentially changing the I2S signals and leading to transmitting or receiving invalid data.
The I2S driver can prevent the system from changing or stopping the source clock by acquiring a power management lock. When the source clock is generated from APB, the lock type will be set to :cpp:enumerator:`esp_pm_lock_type_t::ESP_PM_APB_FREQ_MAX` and when the source clock is APLL (if supported), it will be set to :cpp:enumerator:`esp_pm_lock_type_t::ESP_PM_NO_LIGHT_SLEEP`. Whenever the user is reading or writing via I2S (i.e., calling :cpp:func:`i2s_channel_read` or :cpp:func:`i2s_channel_write`), the driver will guarantee that the power management lock is acquired. Likewise, the driver releases the lock after the reading or writing finishes.
The ``<mode>`` in the diagram can be replaced by corresponding I2S communication modes, e.g., ``std`` for standard two-slot mode. For more information about communication modes, please refer to the :ref:`i2s-communication-mode` section.
The data transport of the I2S peripheral, including sending and receiving, is realized by DMA. Before transporting data, please call :cpp:func:`i2s_channel_enable` to enable the specific channel. When the sent or received data reaches the size of one DMA buffer, the ``I2S_OUT_EOF`` or ``I2S_IN_SUC_EOF`` interrupt will be triggered. Note that the DMA buffer size is not equal to :cpp:member:`i2s_chan_config_t::dma_frame_num`. One frame here refers to all the sampled data in one WS circle. Therefore, ``dma_buffer_size = dma_frame_num * slot_num * slot_bit_width / 8``. For the data transmitting, users can input the data by calling :cpp:func:`i2s_channel_write`. This function helps users to copy the data from the source buffer to the DMA TX buffer and wait for the transmission to finish. Then it will repeat until the sent bytes reach the given size. For the data receiving, the function :cpp:func:`i2s_channel_read` waits to receive the message queue which contains the DMA buffer address. It helps users copy the data from the DMA RX buffer to the destination buffer.
Both :cpp:func:`i2s_channel_write` and :cpp:func:`i2s_channel_read` are blocking functions. They keeps waiting until the whole source buffer is sent or the whole destination buffer is loaded, unless they exceed the max blocking time, where the error code `ESP_ERR_TIMEOUT` returns. To send or receive data asynchronously, callbacks can be registered by :cpp:func:`i2s_channel_register_event_callback`. Users are able to access the DMA buffer directly in the callback function instead of transmitting or receiving by the two blocking functions. However, please be aware that it is an interrupt callback, so do not add complex logic, run floating operation, or call non-reentrant functions in the callback.
Users can initialize a channel by calling corresponding functions (i.e., :func:`i2s_channel_init_std_mode`, :func:`i2s_channel_init_pdm_rx_mode`, :func:`i2s_channel_init_pdm_tx_mode`, or :func:`i2s_channel_init_tdm_mode`) to a specific mode. If the configurations need to be updated after initialization, users have to first call :cpp:func:`i2s_channel_disable` to ensure that the channel has stopped, and then call corresponding 'reconfig' functions, like :cpp:func:`i2s_channel_reconfig_std_slot`, :cpp:func:`i2s_channel_reconfig_std_clock`, and :cpp:func:`i2s_channel_reconfig_std_gpio`.
By default, the I2S interrupt will be deferred when the cache is disabled for reasons like writing/erasing flash. Thus the EOF interrupt will not get executed in time.
All the public I2S APIs are guaranteed to be thread safe by the driver, which means users can call them from different RTOS tasks without protection by extra locks. Notice that the I2S driver uses mutex lock to ensure the thread safety, thus these APIs are not allowed to be used in ISR.
-:ref:`CONFIG_I2S_ISR_IRAM_SAFE` controls whether the default ISR handler can work when the cache is disabled. See `IRAM Safe <#iram-safe>`__ for more information.
Different slot communication formats can be generated by the following helper macros for standard mode. As described above, there are three formats in standard mode, and their helper macros are:
Please refer to :ref:`i2s-api-reference-i2s_std` for information about STD API. And for more details, please refer to :component_file:`driver/i2s/include/driver/i2s_std.h`.
Here is the table of the real data on the line with different :cpp:member:`i2s_std_slot_config_t::slot_mode` and :cpp:member:`i2s_std_slot_config_t::slot_mask`.
It is similar when the data is 32-bit width, but take care when using 8-bit and 24-bit data width. For 8-bit width, the written buffer should still use ``uint16_t`` (i.e., align with 2 bytes), and only the high 8 bits are valid while the low 8 bits are dropped. For 24-bit width, the buffer is supposed to use ``uint32_t`` (i.e., align with 4 bytes), and only the high 24 bits are valid while the low 8 bits are dropped.
Besides, for 8-bit and 16-bit mono modes, the real data on the line is swapped. To get the correct data sequence, the writing buffer needs to swap the data every two bytes.
Similar for 8-bit and 32-bit data widths, the type of the buffer is better to be ``uint8_t`` and ``uint32_t``. But specially, when the data width is 24-bit, the data buffer should be aligned with 3-byte (i.e., every 3 bytes stands for a 24-bit data in one slot). Additionally, :cpp:member:`i2s_chan_config_t::dma_frame_num`, :cpp:member:`i2s_std_clk_config_t::mclk_multiple`, and the writing buffer size should be the multiple of ``3``, otherwise the data on the line or the sample rate will be incorrect.
Similar for 8-bit and 32-bit data widths, the type of the buffer is better to be ``uint8_t`` and ``uint32_t``. But specially, when the data width is 24-bit, the data buffer should be aligned with 3-byte (i.e., every 3 bytes stands for a 24-bit data in one slot). Additionally, :cpp:member:`i2s_chan_config_t::dma_frame_num`, :cpp:member:`i2s_std_clk_config_t::mclk_multiple`, and the writing buffer size should be the multiple of ``3``, otherwise the data on the line or the sample rate will be incorrect.
Here is the table of the data received in the buffer with different :cpp:member:`i2s_std_slot_config_t::slot_mode` and :cpp:member:`i2s_std_slot_config_t::slot_mask`.
The receive case is a little bit complicated on ESP32. Firstly, when the data width is 8-bit or 24-bit, the received data will still align with two bytes or four bytes, which means that the valid data are put in the high 8 bits in every two bytes and high 24 bits in every four bytes. For example, the received data will be ``0x5A00`` when the data on the line is ``0x5A`` in 8-bit width, and ``0x0000 5A00`` if the data on the line is ``0x00 005A``. Secondly, for the 8-bit or 16-bit mono case, the data in buffer is swapped every two data, so it may be necessary to manually swap the data back to the correct order.
8-bit, 24-bit, and 32-bit are similar as 16-bit, where the data bit-width in the receiving buffer is equal to the data bit-width on the line. Additionally, when using 24-bit data width, :cpp:member:`i2s_chan_config_t::dma_frame_num`, :cpp:member:`i2s_std_clk_config_t::mclk_multiple`, and the receiving buffer size should be the multiple of ``3``, otherwise the data on the line or the sample rate will be incorrect.
8-bit, 24-bit, and 32-bit are similar as 16-bit, the data bit-width in the receiving buffer is equal to the data bit-width on the line. Additionally, when using 24-bit data width, :cpp:member:`i2s_chan_config_t::dma_frame_num`, :cpp:member:`i2s_std_clk_config_t::mclk_multiple`, and the receiving buffer size should be the multiple of ``3``, otherwise the data on the line or the sample rate will be incorrect.
Please refer to :ref:`i2s-api-reference-i2s_pdm` for information about PDM TX API. And for more details, please refer to :component_file:`driver/i2s/include/driver/i2s_pdm.h`.
Here is the table of the real data on the line with different :cpp:member:`i2s_pdm_tx_slot_config_t::slot_mode` and :cpp:member:`i2s_pdm_tx_slot_config_t::slot_mask` (The PDM format on the line is transferred to PCM format for better comprehension).
Here is the table of the real data on the line with different :cpp:member:`i2s_pdm_tx_slot_config_t::slot_mode` and :cpp:member:`i2s_pdm_tx_slot_config_t::line_mode` (The PDM format on the line is transferred to PCM format for easier comprehension).
There are three line modes for PDM TX mode, i.e., ``I2S_PDM_TX_ONE_LINE_CODEC``, ``I2S_PDM_TX_ONE_LINE_DAC``, and ``I2S_PDM_TX_TWO_LINE_DAC``. One-line codec is for the PDM codecs that require clock signal. The PDM codec can differentiate the left and right slots by the clock level. The other two modes are used to drive power amplifiers directly with a low-pass filter. They do not need the clock signal, so there are two lines to differentiate the left and right slots. Additionally, for the mono mode of one-line codec, users can force change the slot to the right by setting the clock invert flag in GPIO configuration.
Please refer to :ref:`i2s-api-reference-i2s_pdm` for information about PDM RX API. And for more details, please refer to :component_file:`driver/i2s/include/driver/i2s_pdm.h`.
The PDM data width is fixed to 16-bit. When the data on the line (The PDM format on the line is transferred to PCM format for easier comprehension) is:
Here is the table of the data received in a 'int16_t' buffer with different :cpp:member:`i2s_pdm_rx_slot_config_t::slot_mode` and :cpp:member:`i2s_pdm_rx_slot_config_t::slot_mask`.
The right slot is received first in stereo mode. To switch the left and right slots in the buffer, please set the :cpp:member:`i2s_pdm_rx_gpio_config_t::invert_flags::clk_inv` to force invert the clock signal.
Specially, ESP32-S3 supports up to 4 data lines in PDM RX mode, where each data line can be connected to two PDM MICs (left and right slots). This means that the PDM RX on ESP32-S3 can support up to 8 PDM MICs. To enable multiple data lines, set the bits in :cpp:member:`i2s_pdm_rx_gpio_config_t::slot_mask` to enable corresponding slots first, and then set the data GPIOs in :cpp:type:`i2s_pdm_rx_gpio_config_t`.
Different slot communication formats can be generated by the following helper macros for TDM mode. As described above, there are four formats in TDM mode, and their helper macros are:
Please refer to :ref:`i2s-api-reference-i2s_tdm` for information about TDM API. And for more details, please refer to :component_file:`driver/i2s/include/driver/i2s_tdm.h`.
Due to hardware limitation, when setting the clock configuration for a slave role, please be aware that :cpp:member:`i2s_tdm_clk_config_t::bclk_div` should not be smaller than 8. Increasing this field can reduce the lagging of the data sent from the slave. In the high sample rate case, the data might lag behind for more than one BCLK which will lead to data malposition. Users may gradually increase :cpp:member:`i2s_tdm_clk_config_t::bclk_div` to correct it.
As :cpp:member:`i2s_tdm_clk_config_t::bclk_div` is the division of MCLK to BCLK, increasing it will also increase the MCLK frequency. Therefore, the clock calculation may fail if MCLK is too high to divide from the source clock. This means that a larger value for :cpp:member:`i2s_tdm_clk_config_t::bclk_div` is not necessarily better.
Full-duplex mode registers TX and RX channel in an I2S port at the same time, and the channels share the BCLK and WS signals. Currently, STD and TDM communication modes supports full-duplex mode in the following way, but PDM full-duplex is not supported because due to different PDM TX and RX clocks.
Note that one handle can only stand for one channel. Therefore, it is still necessary to configure the slot and clock for both TX and RX channels one by one.
To allocate a channel handle in simplex mode, :cpp:func:`i2s_new_channel` should be called for each channel. The clock and GPIO pins of TX/RX channel on {IDF_TARGET_NAME} are not independent, so the TX and RX channel cannot coexist on the same I2S port in simplex mode.
To allocate a channel in simplex mode, :cpp:func:`i2s_new_channel` should be called for each channel. The clock and GPIO pins of TX/RX channel on {IDF_TARGET_NAME} are independent, so they can be configured with different modes and clocks, and are able to coexist on the same I2S port in simplex mode. PDM duplex can be realized by registering PDM TX simplex and PDM RX simplex on the same I2S port. But in this way, PDM TX/RX might work with different clocks, so take care when configuring the GPIO pins and clocks.
The following example offers a use case for the simplex mode, but note that although the internal MCLK signals for TX and RX channel are separate, the output MCLK can only be bound to one of them if they are from the same controller. If MCLK has been initialized by both channels, it will be bound to the channel that initializes later.
For applications that need a high frequency sample rate, the massive data throughput may cause data lost. Users can receive data lost event by registering the ISR callback function to receive the event queue:
1. Determine the interrupt interval. Generally, when data lost happens, the bigger the interval, the better, which helps to reduce the interrupt times. This means ``dma_frame_num`` should be as big as possible while the DMA buffer size is below the maximum value of 4092. The relationships are::
2. Determine ``dma_desc_num``. ``dma_desc_num`` is decided by the maximum time of ``i2s_channel_read`` polling cycle. All the received data is supposed to be stored between two ``i2s_channel_read``. This cycle can be measured by a timer or an outputting GPIO signal. The relationship is::
3. Determine the receiving buffer size. The receiving buffer offered by users in ``i2s_channel_read`` should be able to take all the data in all DMA buffers, which means that it should be larger than the total size of all the DMA buffers::
