{IDF_TARGET_NAME} has a few hundred kilobytes of internal RAM, residing on the same die as the rest of the chip components. It can be insufficient for some purposes, so {IDF_TARGET_NAME} has the ability to use up to {IDF_TARGET_PSRAM_VADDR_SIZE} of virtual addresses for external PSRAM (Psuedostatic RAM) memory. The external memory is incorporated in the memory map and, with certain restrictions, is usable in the same way as internal data RAM.
{IDF_TARGET_NAME} supports PSRAM connected in parallel with the SPI flash chip. While {IDF_TARGET_NAME} is capable of supporting several types of RAM chips, ESP-IDF currently only supports Espressif branded PSRAM chips (e.g., ESP-PSRAM32, ESP-PSRAM64, etc).
Some PSRAM chips are 1.8 V devices and some are 3.3 V. The working voltage of the PSRAM chip must match the working voltage of the flash component. Consult the datasheet for your PSRAM chip and {IDF_TARGET_NAME} device to find out the working voltages. For a 1.8 V PSRAM chip, make sure to either set the MTDI pin to a high signal level on bootup, or program {IDF_TARGET_NAME} eFuses to always use the VDD_SIO level of 1.8 V. Not doing this can damage the PSRAM and/or flash chip.
Espressif produces both modules and system-in-package chips that integrate compatible PSRAM and flash and are ready to mount on a product PCB. Consult the Espressif website for more information. If you are using a custom PSRAM chip, ESP-IDF SDK might not be compatible with it.
ESP-IDF fully supports the use of external RAM in applications. Once the external RAM is initialized at startup, ESP-IDF can be configured to integrate the external RAM in several ways:
During the ESP-IDF startup, external RAM is mapped into the data virtual address space. The address space is dynamically allocated. The length will be the mininum length between the PSRAM size and the available data virtual address space size.
Applications can manually place data in external memory by creating pointers to this region. So if an application uses external memory, it is responsible for all management of the external RAM: coordinating buffer usage, preventing corruption, etc.
When enabled, memory is mapped to data virtual address space and also added to the :doc:`capabilities-based heap memory allocator </api-reference/system/mem_alloc>` using ``MALLOC_CAP_SPIRAM``.
To allocate memory from external RAM, a program should call ``heap_caps_malloc(size, MALLOC_CAP_SPIRAM)``. After use, this memory can be freed by calling the normal ``free()`` function.
In this case, memory is added to the capability allocator as described for the previous option. However, it is also added to the pool of RAM that can be returned by the standard ``malloc()`` function.
This allows any application to use the external RAM without having to rewrite the code to use ``heap_caps_malloc(..., MALLOC_CAP_SPIRAM)``.
An additional configuration item, :ref:`CONFIG_SPIRAM_MALLOC_ALWAYSINTERNAL`, can be used to set the size threshold when a single allocation should prefer external memory:
- When allocating a size less than the threshold, the allocator will try internal memory first.
- When allocating a size equal to or larger than the threshold, the allocator will try external memory first.
Because some buffers can only be allocated in internal memory, a second configuration item :ref:`CONFIG_SPIRAM_MALLOC_RESERVE_INTERNAL` defines a pool of internal memory which is reserved for *only* explicitly internal allocations (such as memory for DMA use). Regular ``malloc()`` will not allocate from this pool. The :ref:`MALLOC_CAP_DMA <dma-capable-memory>` and ``MALLOC_CAP_INTERNAL`` flags can be used to allocate memory from this pool.
If enabled, the region of the data virtual address space where the PSRAM is mapped to will be used to store zero-initialized data (BSS segment) from the lwIP, net80211, libpp, wpa_supplicant and bluedroid ESP-IDF libraries.
Additional data can be moved from the internal BSS segment to external RAM by applying the macro ``EXT_RAM_BSS_ATTR`` to any static declaration (which is not initialized to a non-zero value).
Enable this option by checking :ref:`CONFIG_SPIRAM_ALLOW_NOINIT_SEG_EXTERNAL_MEMORY`. If enabled, the region of the data virtual address space where the PSRAM is mapped to will be used to store non-initialized data. The values placed in this segment will not be initialized or modified even during startup or restart.
By applying the macro ``EXT_RAM_NOINIT_ATTR``, data could be moved from the internal NOINIT segment to external RAM. Remaining external RAM can still be added to the capability heap allocator using the method shown above, :ref:`external_ram_config_capability_allocator`.
If :ref:`CONFIG_SPIRAM_RODATA` is also enabled, the cache will not be disabled during an SPI1 flash operation. You do not need to make sure ISRs, ISR callbacks and involved data are placed in internal RAM, thus internal RAM usage can be optimized.
If :ref:`CONFIG_SPIRAM_FETCH_INSTRUCTIONS` is also enabled, the cache will not be disabled during an SPI1 flash operation. You do not need to make sure ISRs, ISR callbacks and involved data are placed in internal RAM, thus internal RAM usage can be optimized.
- When flash cache is disabled (for example, if the flash is being written to), the external RAM also becomes inaccessible. Any read operations from or write operations to it will lead to an illegal cache access exception. This is also the reason why ESP-IDF does not by default allocate any task stacks in external RAM (see below).
:esp32s2:- External RAM cannot be used as a place to store DMA transaction descriptors or as a buffer for a DMA transfer to read from or write into. Therefore when External RAM is enabled, any buffer that will be used in combination with DMA must be allocated using ``heap_caps_malloc(size, MALLOC_CAP_DMA | MALLOC_CAP_INTERNAL)`` and can be freed using a standard ``free()`` call. Note that although {IDF_TARGET_NAME} has hardware support for DMA to or from external RAM, this is not yet supported in ESP-IDF.
:esp32s3:- The bandwidth that DMA accesses external RAM is very limited, especially when the core is trying to access the external RAM at the same time.
:esp32s3:- You can configure :ref:`CONFIG_SPIRAM_SPEED` as 120 MHz for an octal PSRAM. The bandwidth will be improved. However there are still restrictions for this option. See :ref:`All Supported PSRAM Modes and Speeds <flash-psram-combination>` for more details.
- External RAM uses the same cache region as the external flash. This means that frequently accessed variables in external RAM can be read and modified almost as quickly as in internal RAM. However, when accessing large chunks of data (> 32 KB), the cache can be insufficient, and speeds will fall back to the access speed of the external RAM. Moreover, accessing large chunks of data can "push out" cached flash, possibly making the execution of code slower afterwards.
- In general, external RAM will not be used as task stack memory. :cpp:func:`xTaskCreate` and similar functions will always allocate internal memory for stack and task TCBs.
The option :ref:`CONFIG_SPIRAM_ALLOW_STACK_EXTERNAL_MEMORY` can be used to allow placing task stacks into external memory. In these cases :cpp:func:`xTaskCreateStatic` must be used to specify a task stack buffer allocated from external memory, otherwise task stacks will still be allocated from internal memory.
By default, failure to initialize external RAM will cause the ESP-IDF startup to abort. This can be disabled by enabling the config item :ref:`CONFIG_SPIRAM_IGNORE_NOTFOUND`.
If :ref:`CONFIG_SPIRAM_ALLOW_BSS_SEG_EXTERNAL_MEMORY` is enabled, the option to ignore failure is not available as the linker will have assigned symbols to external memory addresses at link time.
It is possible to enable automatic encryption for data stored in external RAM. When this is enabled any data read and written through the cache will automatically be encrypted or decrypted by the external memory encryption hardware.
This feature is enabled whenever flash encryption is enabled. For more information on how to enable and how it works see :doc:`Flash Encryption </security/flash-encryption>`.
