Data stored in NVS partitions can be encrypted using XTS-AES in the manner similar to the one mentioned in disk encryption standard IEEE P1619. For the purpose of encryption, each entry is treated as one ``sector`` and relative address of the entry (w.r.t., partition-start) is fed to the encryption algorithm as ``sector-number``.
NVS encryption can be facilitated by enabling :ref:`CONFIG_NVS_ENCRYPTION` and :ref:`CONFIG_NVS_SEC_KEY_PROTECTION_SCHEME` > ``CONFIG_NVS_SEC_KEY_PROTECT_USING_FLASH_ENC`` or ``CONFIG_NVS_SEC_KEY_PROTECT_USING_HMAC`` depending on the scheme to be used.
In this scheme, the keys required for NVS encryption are stored in yet another partition, which is protected using :doc:`Flash Encryption <../../security/flash-encryption>`. Therefore, enabling :doc:`Flash Encryption <../../security/flash-encryption>` becomes a prerequisite for NVS encryption here.
NVS encryption is enabled by default when :doc:`../../security/flash-encryption` is enabled. This is done because Wi-Fi driver stores credentials (like SSID and passphrase) in the default NVS partition. It is important to encrypt them as default choice if platform level encryption is already enabled.
For using NVS encryption using this scheme, the partition table must contain the :ref:`nvs_encr_key_partition`. Two partition tables containing the :ref:`nvs_encr_key_partition` are provided for NVS encryption under the partition table option (``menuconfig`` > ``Partition Table``). They can be selected with the project configuration menu (``idf.py menuconfig``). Please refer to the example :example:`security/flash_encryption` for how to configure and use the NVS encryption feature.
An application requiring NVS encryption support (using the Flash Encryption-based scheme) needs to be compiled with a key-partition of the type ``data`` and subtype ``key``. This partition should be marked as ``encrypted`` and its size should be the minimum partition size (4 KB). Refer to :doc:`../../api-guides/partition-tables` for more details. Two additional partition tables which contain the :ref:`nvs_encr_key_partition` are provided under the partition table option (``menuconfig`` > ``Partition Table``). They can be directly used for NVS encryption. The structure of these partitions is depicted below:
* When NVS encryption is enabled, the :cpp:func:`nvs_flash_init` API function can be used to initialize the encrypted default NVS partition. The API function internally generates the XTS encryption keys on the ESP chip. The API function finds the first :ref:`nvs_encr_key_partition`.
* Then the API function automatically generates and stores the NVS keys in that partition by making use of the :cpp:func:`nvs_flash_generate_keys` API function provided by :component_file:`nvs_flash/include/nvs_flash.h`. New keys are generated and stored only when the respective key partition is empty. The same key partition can then be used to read the security configurations for initializing a custom encrypted NVS partition with help of :cpp:func:`nvs_flash_secure_init_partition`.
* The API functions :cpp:func:`nvs_flash_secure_init` and :cpp:func:`nvs_flash_secure_init_partition` do not generate the keys internally. When these API functions are used for initializing encrypted NVS partitions, the keys can be generated after startup using the :cpp:func:`nvs_flash_generate_keys` API function provided by ``nvs_flash.h``. The API function then writes those keys onto the key-partition in encrypted form.
Please note that ``nvs_keys`` partition must be completely erased before you start the application in this approach. Otherwise the application may generate the :c:macro:`ESP_ERR_NVS_CORRUPT_KEY_PART` error code assuming that ``nvs_keys`` partition is not empty and contains malformatted data. You can use the following command for this:
This option will be required by the user when keys in the :ref:`nvs_encr_key_partition` are not generated by the application. The :ref:`nvs_encr_key_partition` containing the XTS encryption keys can be generated with the help of :doc:`NVS Partition Generator Utility </api-reference/storage/nvs_partition_gen>`. Then the user can store the pre-generated key partition on the flash with help of the following two commands:
2. Store the keys in the :ref:`nvs_encr_key_partition` (on the flash) with the help of :component_file:`parttool.py <partition_table/parttool.py>` (see Partition Tool section in :doc:`partition-tables </api-guides/partition-tables>` for more details)
If the device is encrypted in flash encryption development mode and you want to renew the NVS key partition, you need to tell :component_file:`parttool.py<partition_table/parttool.py>` to encrypt the NVS key partition and you also need to give it a pointer to the unencrypted partition table in your build directory (build/partition_table) since the partition table on the device is encrypted, too. You can use the following command:
Since the key partition is marked as ``encrypted`` and :doc:`Flash Encryption <../../security/flash-encryption>` is enabled, the bootloader will encrypt this partition using flash encryption key on the first boot.
It is possible for an application to use different keys for different NVS partitions and thereby have multiple key-partitions. However, it is a responsibility of the application to provide the correct key-partition and keys for encryption or decryption.
In this scheme, the XTS keys required for NVS encryption are derived from an HMAC key programmed in eFuse with the purpose :cpp:enumerator:`esp_efuse_purpose_t::ESP_EFUSE_KEY_PURPOSE_HMAC_UP`. Since the encryption keys are derived at runtime, they are not stored anywhere in the flash. Thus, this feature does not require a separate :ref:`nvs_encr_key_partition`.
- When NVS encryption is enabled, the :cpp:func:`nvs_flash_init` API function can be used to initialize the encrypted default NVS partition. The API function first checks whether an HMAC key is present at :ref:`CONFIG_NVS_SEC_HMAC_EFUSE_KEY_ID`.
The valid range for the config :ref:`CONFIG_NVS_SEC_HMAC_EFUSE_KEY_ID` is from ``0`` (:cpp:enumerator:`hmac_key_id_t::HMAC_KEY0`) to ``5`` (:cpp:enumerator:`hmac_key_id_t::HMAC_KEY5`). By default, the config is set to ``6`` (:cpp:enumerator:`hmac_key_id_t::HMAC_KEY_MAX`), which have to be configured before building the user application.
- If no key is found, a key is generated internally and stored at the eFuse block specified at :ref:`CONFIG_NVS_SEC_HMAC_EFUSE_KEY_ID`.
- If a key is found with the purpose :cpp:enumerator:`esp_efuse_purpose_t::ESP_EFUSE_KEY_PURPOSE_HMAC_UP`, the same is used for the derivation of the XTS encryption keys.
- If the specified eFuse block is found to be occupied with a key with a purpose other than :cpp:enumerator:`esp_efuse_purpose_t::ESP_EFUSE_KEY_PURPOSE_HMAC_UP`, an error is thrown.
- The API :cpp:func:`nvs_flash_init` then automatically generates the NVS keys on demand by using the :cpp:func:`nvs_flash_generate_keys_v2` API function provided by the :component_file:`nvs_flash/include/nvs_flash.h`. The same keys can also be used to read the security configurations (see :cpp:func:`nvs_flash_read_security_cfg_v2`) for initializing a custom encrypted NVS partition with help of :cpp:func:`nvs_flash_secure_init_partition`.
- The API functions :cpp:func:`nvs_flash_secure_init` and :cpp:func:`nvs_flash_secure_init_partition` do not generate the keys internally. When these API functions are used for initializing encrypted NVS partitions, the keys can be generated after startup using the :cpp:func:`nvs_flash_generate_keys_v2` API function or take and populate the NVS security configuration structure :cpp:type:`nvs_sec_cfg_t` with :cpp:func:`nvs_flash_read_security_cfg_v2` and feed them into the above APIs.
- To enable encryption for the default NVS partition, no additional step is necessary. When :ref:`CONFIG_NVS_ENCRYPTION` is enabled, the :cpp:func:`nvs_flash_init` API function internally performs some additional steps to enable encryption for the default NVS partition depending on the scheme being used (set by :ref:`CONFIG_NVS_SEC_KEY_PROTECTION_SCHEME`).
- For the flash encryption-based scheme, the first :ref:`nvs_encr_key_partition` found is used to generate the encryption keys while for the HMAC one, keys are generated using the HMAC key burnt in eFuse at :ref:`CONFIG_NVS_SEC_HMAC_EFUSE_KEY_ID` (refer to the API documentation for more details).
Alternatively, :cpp:func:`nvs_flash_secure_init` API function can also be used to enable encryption for the default NVS partition.
**Encrypt a custom NVS partition**
- To enable encryption for a custom NVS partition, :cpp:func:`nvs_flash_secure_init_partition` API function is used instead of :cpp:func:`nvs_flash_init_partition`.
- When :cpp:func:`nvs_flash_secure_init` and :cpp:func:`nvs_flash_secure_init_partition` API functions are used, the applications are expected to follow the steps below in order to perform NVS read/write operations with encryption enabled:
- Find key partition and NVS data partition using ``esp_partition_find*`` API functions.
- Populate the :cpp:type:`nvs_sec_cfg_t` struct using the :cpp:func:`nvs_flash_read_security_cfg` or :cpp:func:`nvs_flash_generate_keys` API functions.
- Set the scheme-specific config data with :cpp:type:`nvs_sec_config_hmac_t` and register the HMAC-based scheme with the API :cpp:func:`nvs_sec_provider_register_hmac` which will also populate the scheme-specific handle (see :cpp:type:`nvs_sec_scheme_t`).
- Populate the :cpp:type:`nvs_sec_cfg_t` struct using the :cpp:func:`nvs_flash_read_security_cfg_v2` or :cpp:func:`nvs_flash_generate_keys_v2` API functions.
While using the HMAC-based scheme, the above workflow can be used without enabling any of the config options for NVS encryption - :ref:`CONFIG_NVS_ENCRYPTION`, :ref:`CONFIG_NVS_SEC_KEY_PROTECTION_SCHEME` -> ``CONFIG_NVS_SEC_KEY_PROTECT_USING_HMAC`` and :ref:`CONFIG_NVS_SEC_HMAC_EFUSE_KEY_ID` to encrypt the default as well as custom NVS partitions with :cpp:func:`nvs_flash_secure_init` API.
The component :component:`nvs_sec_provider` stores all the implementation-specific code for the NVS encryption schemes and would also accomodate any future schemes. This component acts as an interface to the :component:`nvs_flash` component for the handling of encryption keys. :component:`nvs_sec_provider` has a configuration menu of its own, based on which the selected security scheme and the corresponding settings are registered for the :component:`nvs_flash` component.
This component offers factory functions with which a particular security scheme can be registered without having to worry about the APIs to generate and read the encryption keys (e.g., :cpp:func:`nvs_sec_provider_register_hmac`). Refer to the :example:`security/nvs_encryption_hmac` example for API usage.
